PART I: NANOSCALE SCIENCE INTRODUCTION ESSENTIAL APPROACHES AND FORCES Top-down Approach Bottom-up Approach Aggregation of Nanoparticles Smoluchowski Aggregation Kinetics DLVO Theory Lennard-Jones Potential Hydrogen Bonding Hydrophobic Interactions Steric Forces THERMODYNAMICS OF NANO SYSTEMS Thermodynamics at Nanoscale Laws of Thermodynamics Concept of Entropy Gibbs Equation Thermodynamic Properties PHASE TRANSITIONS AND STABILITY AT NANOSCALE Generalized Observations Formation of Metastable Phases Stability of Small Objects Chemical Reactions in Nanosystems INTERACTIONS WITH BIOMOLECULES AND APPLICATIONS TO BIOLOGY Quantum Dot-Protein Interaction Nanoclay-Protein Interaction DNA-nanoclay Interaction Size dependent effect on enzymatic activity Applications to Biology PART II: BOTTOM-UP ASSEMBLY OF INORGANIC NANOPARTICLES METAL NANOPARTICLES Gold Nanoparticles Silver Nanoparticles Palladium Nanoparticles Platinum Nanoparticles Samarium Nanoparticles Copper Nanoparticles Cobalt Nanoparticles Nickel Nanoparticles Bismuth Nanoparticles Aluminum Nanoparticles Lead Nanoparticles METAL OXIDE NANOPARTICLES Alumina Nanoparticles Antimony Oxide Cobalt Oxide Nanoparticles Copper Oxide Nanoparticles Cerium Oxide Indium Oxide Nanoparticles Iron Oxide Nanoparticles Lanthanum Oxide Magnesium Oxide Nanoparticles Neodymium oxide Nickel Oxide Samarium Oxide Silica Nanoparticles Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles Tin Oxide Nanoparticles Zinc Oxide Zirconium Nanoparticles PART III: SELF-ASSEMBLY OF ORGANIC NANOPARTICLES POLYMERIC NANOPARTICLES Polyethylene glycol (PEG) Polylactic Acid (PLA) Nanoparticles PNIPAMNanoparticles Poly(b-amino ester)s Nanoparticles Poly (D, L-lactide-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) Nanoparticles Poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) Polyurethane Polystyrene NPs Ethyl Cellulose Polyacrylamide Poly(vinylpyrrolidone) Poly (e-caprolactone) Poly(vinyl alcohol) BIOPOLYMERIC NANOPARTICLES Albumin Nanoparticles Alginate-BSA Nanoparticles BSA-Acacia Nanoparticles Chitosan Nanoparticles Tripolyphosphate-Chitosan Nanoparticles siRNA-chitosan nanoparticles DNA-chitosan Nanoparticles Gelatin Nano- and Micro-particles Heparin Nanoparticles Heparin-Chitosan Nanoparticles Heparin-Deoxycholic Acid Nanoparticles Heparin-poly(b-benzyl-L-aspartate) Nanoparticles Hyaluronic Acid Nanoparticles Nucleic Acid NanoparticlesPectin Nanoparticles Pectin-Cisplatin nanoconjugate Silk Protein Nanoparticles Zein Nanoparticles