1 Introduction Part 1: 3D Instrumentation 2 The Spectroscopic Toolbox 2.1 Basic Spectroscopic Principles 2.2 Optics & Coatings 2.3 Detectors 2.4 Interferometers 2.5 Dispersers 2.6 Mechanics & Cryogenics, Electronics 2.7 Management, Timeline & Cost 2.8 Exercises 3 Scanning Spectrographs 3.1 Scanning Long- -Slit Spectrograph 3.2 Scanning Fabry- -Perot Spectrograph 3.3 Scanning Fourier Transform Spectrograph 3.4 Exercises 4 Integral Field Spectrographs 4.1 Lenslet- -based Integral Field Spectrograph 4.2 Fiber- -based Integral Field Spectrograph 4.3 Slicer- -based Integral Field Spectrograph 4.4 Exercises 5 New Trends in Integral Field Spectroscopy 5.1 Deployable Multi- -object Integral Field Spectrograph 5.2 Paving the Field: parallel replicated Instruments 5.3 An Example: Autopsy of the MUSE wide- -field Spectrograph 5.4 Exercises 6 Future Trends in 3D Spectroscopy 6.1 Photonics- -based Spectrographs 6.2 Quest for the Grail: towards 3D Detectors 6.3 Exercises Part 2: Using 3D Spectroscopy 7 Data Properties 7.1 Data Sampling 7.2 Noise Properties 8 Impact of Atmospheric Turbulence 8.1 Basic Principles 8.2 Seeing- -limited Observations 8.3 Adaptive Optics Observations 8.4 Space- -based Observations 9 Data Gathering 9.1 Planning Observations 9.2 Estimating Observing Time 9.3 Observing Strategy 10 Data Reduction 10.1 Basics 10.2 Specific Cases 11 Data Analysis 11.1 Kinematics 11.2 Spectrophotometry 11.3 Crowded Fields 11.4 Faint Point- -like Sources 11.5 Faint Surface brightness Sources 11.6 Spatial Deconvolution 11.7 High Contrast Imaging 12 Conclusions Bibliography Annex 1: Hints to Exercises ukryj opis