Part 1: Development of Ports 1 Chapter 1: History of Ports: The Ten Aims of a Port 3 1.1 Ancient Egypt 3 1.2 Roman Empire 7 1.3 Constantinople 12 1.4 Venice and the Mediterranean Merchant Trade 15 1.5 Imperial China: Early Ming Dynasty 16 1.6 Hanseatic League 20 1.7 Historical Drivers of Port Development 28 Chapter 2: Driver of Port Business 31 2.1 Economic Drivers 33 2.2 Political Drivers 35 2.3 Logistical Drivers 38 2.4 Technical Drivers 40 2.5 Financial Drivers 44 2.6 The Port Model 45 2.7 Impact on Port Master Planning Process 49 Chapter 3: Major Commercial Ports 51 3.1 Classification of Ports 51 3.2 Container Ports 56 3.3 General Cargo Ports 61 3.4 Liquid Bulk Ports 65 3.5 Dry Bulk Ports 67 3.6 RoRo Ports 68 3.7 Ferry Ports 72 3.8 Passenger Ports 73 3.9 Cruise Ports 75 Part 2: Ports in Maritime Supply Chain 79 Chapter 4: The Role of Ports in Supply Chains 81 4.1 Definition Ports 81 4.2 Port Functions 83 4.3 Port Customer Groups 84 4.4 Port Cluster 86 4.5 Port Terms in Common Use 87 Port versus Terminal 87 Container Port 89 General Cargo Port 90 Bulk Port 90 RoRo Port 90 Ferry Port 90 Passenger Port 91 Cruise Port 91 Universal Port 91 Dedicated Port/Terminal 91 Main Port 93 Major Port 93 Minor Port 94 Hub Port + Feeder Port 94 Gateway Port 96 Way Port/Zero-Deviation Port 97 Transhipment Port + Transit Port 97 Regional Port 100 Sea Port 101 Deep Water Port 101 River Port 102 Inland Port 103 Dry Port 103 Free Port 103 State Port/Service Port/Public Port 104 Autonomous Port 104 Tool Port 104 Landlord Port 104 Private Port 105 Industrial Port/Factory Port 105 Home Port (Cruise) 105 Commercial Port/Noncommercial Port 106 Statistical Port 106 Big Port 106 Chapter 5: Trade & Transportation 107 5.1 Macroeconomic Relations 107 5.2 Drivers of Global Trade 116 Political Alliances and Free Trade Agreements 116 Deregulation and Privatization of Public Services 117 Distribution of Natural Resources 118 Globalization of Sourcing and Production 119 Spreading Out of Buyer Markets 120 Environmental Awareness 121 Innovations 122 Integrated Supply Chain Logistics 122 5.3 Antitrade Movements/Protectionism 123 5.4 Transport Value and Affinity 125 5.5 International Commercial Terms 131 Chapter 6: Ports in Transportation Chain 137 6.1 The Role of Ports in Supply Chain 137 6.2 Port Hinterland 143 Loco-Potential 147 6.3 Ports and Shipping Networks 148 Shipping Networks 148 Port Networks 154 6.4 Port Costs in Transportation Chains 161 Chapter 7: Cargoes 165 7.1 Port Cargo Categories 168 Liquid Bulk 171 Dry Bulk 173 General Cargo, Break Bulk, Heavy Lift, Oversized 174 Container 177 RoRo Cargo 179 All Cargoes 180 7.2 Cargo Measurement 183 Linear Measure or Unit of Length: Two-Dimensional 184 Solid Measure or Cubic Measure: Three-Dimensional 185 Weight Measure/Ton Deinitions 185 Billing Systems: Weight + Volume 187 Arabesque: Additional Ton Definitions 189 Unit Measure 191 Twenty-Foot Equivalent Unit (TEU) 191 Intermodal Transport Unit (ITU) 193 Flat or Flat Rack 193 RoRo Unit or RoRo Flat 193 Car Equivalent Unit (CEU) 194 Verified Gross Mass (VGM) 195 7.3 Errors in Port Cargo Measurement 195 Workflow Difficulties 196 Ineffective Enforcement 196 Perception that Weight Is Peripheral 196 Using Different Standards to Measure 197 Statistical Consequences 198 Part 3: Port Management 203 Chapter 8: Frame Conditions 205 8.1 Port Business Environment 205 8.2 Basic Management Concepts 208 8.3 Port Labor Organization 217 8.4 Cultural and Religious Influence 220 Chapter 9: Port Commercialization and Privatization 223 9.1 Background for Port Reform 223 9.2 Commercialization 225 9 ukryj opis