CHAPTER 1: THE ROLE OF NITROUS OXIDE ON CLIMATE CHANGE\n1. Introduction\n2. Greenhouse effect\n3. Climate forcing\n4. Nitrous oxide emissions\n5. Conclusions\nCHAPTER 2: GLOBAL NITROGEN CYCLE\n1. Introduction\n2. Discovery of N cycle: Historical perspective\n3. Global N inventory\n4. N fixation\n5. Nitrogen cycling\n6. Conclusions\nCHAPTER 3: FORMATION AND RELEASE OF NITROUS OXIDE FROM TERRESTRIAL AND AQUATIC ECOSYSTEMS\n1. Introduction\n2. Nitrification\n2.2. Heterotrophic nitrification\n2.3. Chemolithotrophic ammonia oxidation\n3. Denitrification\n3.1. Respiratory denitrification\n3.2. Dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium\n3.3. Chemodenitrification\n3.4. Nitrifier denitrification\n4. N2O production by nitrification and denitrification\n5. Conclusions\nCHAPTER 4: NITROUS OXIDE FLUXES MEASUREMENT\n1. Introduction\n2. Measurement methods\n2.1. Flux chambers\n2.2. Sub-surface method\n2.3. Mass balance method\n2.4. Micrometeorological approaches\n2.5. Comparison of chamber and micrometeorological approaches\n3. Modeling approaches\n3.1. Empirical models\n3.2. Process-based models\n4. Future research priorities\n5. Conclusions\nCHAPTER 5: GLOBAL SOURCES OF NITROUS OXIDE\n1. Introduction\n2. Natural sources\n2.1. Soils under natural vegetation\n2.2. Aquatic Sources\n2.3. Wetlands\n2.4. Riparian zones\n3. Anthropogenic sources\n3.1. Description of the sources\n3.2. Agriculture\n3.3. Indirect N2O emission\n3.4. Biomass burning\n3.5. Tropical forest land conversion\n3.6. Fossil fuel burning\n4. Conclusion\n5. Researchable issues\nCHAPTER 6: LAND USE AND LAND MANAGEMENT EFFECTS ON NITROUS OXIDE FLUXES\n1. Introduction\n2. Cropland\n2.1. Nitrous oxide formation in agricultural soils\n2.2. Legumes and N2O emissions\n2.3. Conversion of forest and grassland to cropland\n2.4. Land management and N2O emission\n3. Grassland\n3.1. Nitrogen inputs to grasslands\n4. Forest\n4.1. Factors affecting N2O emissions from forest soils\n4.2. Clear-cutting and N2O emissions\n5. Factors controlling N2O production from soils\n5.1. Moisture and aeration\n5.2. Temperature\n5.3. Soluble and mineralizable carbon\n5.4. Soil pH and salinity\n5.5. Soil nitrogen\n5.6. Other nutrients\n5.7. Conclusions\nCHAPTER 7: NITROUS OXIDE EMISSIONS FROM RICE FIELDS\n1. Introduction\n2. Literature Survey on Nitrous oxide Emission from Rice Cultivation\n3. Types of Rice Ecosystems\n3.1. Irrigated rice ecosystem\n3.2. Lowland rainfed rice ecosystem\n3.3. Upland rice ecosystem\n3.4. Deepwater or flood-prone rice ecosystem\n4. Rice Soils\n4.1. Nitrogen transformation in flooded soils\n4.2. Processes contributing to nitrous oxide emission from rice fields\n4.3. Assessment of special conditions driving N2O emission in rice fields\n4.4. Factors affecting N2O emission from rice fields\n4.5. Sampling techniques for measuring N2O fluxes from rice fields\n4.6. Problems of sampling and quantification of N2O from rice fields\n4.7. Effects of land management practices in non-rice growing season on N2O emission from rice fields\n5. Mitigation Options for N2O Emissions from Rice fields\n6. Conclusions\nCHAPTER 8: NITROUS OXIDE SOURCES AND MITIGATION STRATEGIES\n1. Introduction\n2. Anthropogenic sources of nitrous oxide\n2.1. Agriculture\n2.2. Industrial processes\n2.3. Other sources\n3. Mitigation of nitrous oxide emissions from cropland\n3.1. Cropland\n3.2. Fertilizer use and crop yields enhancement\n3.3. Water management\n3.4. Organic and wetland soils\n3.5. Biochar application\n3.6. Indirect nitrous oxide emission from cropland\n3.7. Role of plant breeding and biotechnology advances\n4. Conclusions\n5. Research needs\nCHAPTER 9: MITIGATION OPTIONS FOR LIVESTOCK AND PASTURE LANDS\n1. Introduction\n2. Nitrogen input to grazed pasture\n2.1 Biological N fixation\n2.2 Animal excreta deposition in pasturelands\n2.3 Animal manures and effluent application in pasturelands\n2.4 Inorganic N fertilizers application in pasturelands\n3. Nitrogen transformations and loss from pasture soils\n4. Ni