... Preface ... 19

... Target Audience ... 19

... System Administration: A Vast Field of Options ... 20

... What Is Basis? ... 21

... Structure of This Book ... 23

1 ... Introduction ... 25

1.1 ... Potential Threats ... 26

1.2 ... The Onion Concept ... 34

1.3 ... Risk and True Cost of Security ... 37

1.4 ... The Administrator's Role in Security ... 40

1.5 ... Summary ... 43

2 ... Configuring Profiles and Parameters ... 45

2.1 ... Understanding System Parameters ... 46

2.2 ... System Profiles ... 47

2.3 ... Profile and Parameter Structure ... 49

2.4 ... Static and Dynamic Parameters ... 53

2.5 ... Viewing and Setting Parameters ... 55

2.6 ... Key Security-Related Parameters ... 64

2.7 ... Controlling Access to Change Parameters ... 66

2.8 ... Summary ... 67

3 ... Restricting Transactional Access ... 69

3.1 ... Clients ... 71

3.2 ... Who Should Be Able to Lock and Unlock Transactions? ... 71

3.3 ... Which Transactions to Lock ... 71

3.4 ... Locking Transactions ... 73

3.5 ... Viewing Locked Transactions ... 76

3.6 ... Summary ... 78

4 ... Securing Clients ... 79

4.1 ... Client Settings ... 81

4.2 ... Client Logon Locking ... 89

4.3 ... Summary ... 92

5 ... Securing the Kernel ... 93

5.1 ... Understanding the Kernel ... 94

5.2 ... Common Cryptographic Library ... 102

5.3 ... Kernel Update ... 104

5.4 ... Summary ... 114

6 ... Managing Users ... 115

6.1 ... What Is a User ID in SAP? ... 115

6.2 ... Different User Types ... 115

6.3 ... The User Buffer ... 117

6.4 ... Creating and Maintaining a User ... 118

6.5 ... Copy a User ... 128

6.6 ... Change Documents for Users ... 129

6.7 ... Mass User Changes with Transaction SU10 ... 131

6.8 ... User Naming Convention ... 139

6.9 ... Security Policies ... 140

6.10 ... Maintain User Groups ... 145

6.11 ... Central User Administration ... 147

6.12 ... User Lock Status ... 151

6.13 ... User Classification ... 152

6.14 ... User-Related Tables ... 153

6.15 ... Securing Default Accounts ... 154

6.16 ... User Access Reviews ... 156

6.17 ... Inactive Users ... 157

6.18 ... Password and Logon Security ... 158

6.19 ... Segregation of Duties ... 163

6.20 ... Summary ... 165

7 ... Configuring Authorizations ... 167

7.1 ... Authorization Fundamentals ... 168

7.2 ... SAP Role Design Concepts ... 180

7.3 ... The Profile Generator ... 192

7.4 ... Assign and Remove Roles ... 219

7.5 ... Lock and Unlock Transactions ... 221

7.6 ... Transaction SUIM: User Information System ... 221

7.7 ... Role Transport ... 226

7.8 ... Common Standard Profiles ... 228

7.9 ... Types of Transactions ... 229

7.10 ... Table Authorizations ... 239

7.11 ... Printer Authorizations ... 249

7.12 ... Other Important Authorization Objects ... 249

7.13 ... Transaction SACF: Switchable Authorizations ... 253

7.14 ... Customizing Entries in Tables PRGN_CUST and SSM_CUST ... 255

7.15 ... Mass Maintenance of Values within Roles ... 257

7.16 ... Upgrading to a New Release ... 260

7.17 ... ABAP Debugger ... 267

7.18 ... Authorization Redesign and Cleanup ... 269

7.19 ... Introduction to SAP GRC Access Control ... 273

7.20 ... Summary ... 277

8 ... Authentication ... 279

8.1 ... What Is Single Sign-On? ... 279

8.2 ... Single Sign-On Technologies ... 284

8.3 ... SAP GUI Single Sign-On Setup ... 286

8.4 ... SAML ... 309

8.5 ... Summary ... 339

9 ... Patching ... 341

9.1 ... Patching Concepts: SAP's Approach to Patching ... 341

9.2 ... Application of Security SAP Notes ... 347

9.3 ... Implications of Upgrades and Support Packages ... 354

9.4 ... Evaluating Security with SAP Solution Manager ... 354

9.5 ... Summary ... 358

10 ... Securing Transports ... 359

10.1 ... Transport System Concepts ... 360

10.2 ... Transport Authorizations ... 373

10.3 ... Operating System-Level