State of the Art: Radio-Anatomy of the Thoracic Aorta. 3D Imaging of the Aorta (CT, MRI and 3D Rotational Angiography). Embryology and Congenital Abnormalities of the Aorta. Hemodynamics of Aortic Dissection. Transesophageal Echocardiography for Diagnosis and Treatment of Aortic Diseases. Biomarkers in Acute Aortic Syndrome. Medical Aspect of the Aortic Diseases: the Follow-Up and its Warnings. Spinal Cord Protection for Descending Aortic Surgery. Clinical and Scientific Basis for Contemporary Surgical Practice.- Anaesthesia for Aortic Surgery: Deep Hypothermia and Circulatory Arrest. Anaesthetic Management of the Endovascular Thoracic Aorta.- Treatment of Thoracic Degenerative Aortic Aneurysms: Surgical Treatment. The New Wave of Elephant Trunk Technique. Management of the Horizontal Aorta with the Inoue Branched Stent-Graft. Distal Aortic Perfusion and Selective Visceral Perfusion. Femoral Bypass and Hypothermia for the Treatment of Thoracoabdominal Aneurysms. Branched Stent-Graft systems and Less Invasive Combined Surgical and Endovascular Treatment for Descending Thoracic Aortic Aneurysms.- Dissection: Pathophysiology of Aortic Dissection. Surgical Treatment of Acute Type B Dissection. Surgical Treatment of Chronic Descending Aortic Dissection. Endovascular Therapy for Aortic Dissection. The Use of Endografts to Treat Chronic Descending Thoracic Aortic Dissections. Problems Encountered During and After Stent-Graft Treatment of Aortic Dissection. Medical Treatment or Endovascular Stent-Graft Treatment for Acute Aortic Syndrome. Physiopathology of Ischemic Complications of Aortic Dissections. Endovascular Treatment of the Complications of Aortic Dissection: Fenestration and Stenting.- Infections: Thoracic Infectious Aortitis. Is There a Place for Endovascular Treatment in Thoracic or Thoraco-abdominal Mycotic Aneurysms? Intramural Aortic Hematoma and Aortic Ulcers, Physiopathology and Natural History. The Current Optimal Imaging Modality for Evaluating AcuteAortic Syndromes. Management of Aortic Hematomas and Ulcers: Evaluation Scoring. Endograft Management of Aortic Hematomas and Ulcers.- Aortic Injury: Traumatic Aortic Rupture. Surgical Treatment of an Acute Isthmus Traumatic Rupture. Acute Traumatic Aortic Rupture: Stent-Graft Repair. Surgical Treatment and Endovascular Issue in the Traumatic Rupture of the Descending Aorta. Classification and Decision Algorithm of Posttraumatic Chronic Lesions of the Isthmus and the Descending Thoracic Aorta.- Congenital Diseases of the Thoracic Aorta: Neonatal and Early Childhood Thoracic Aorta Abnormalities and Their Current Surgical Treatment. Endovascular Treatment Strategies for Coarctation of the Aorta.- Conclusions: Current Multicentric Studies and Those to Plan for the Descending Thoracic Aortic Diseases. Ten Years to Come.