SECTION 1: NORMAL ANATOMY AND TECHNIQUES Normal Anatomy Overview Craniovertebral Junction Cervical Spine Thoracic Spine Lumbar Spine Measurement Techniques Normal Postoperative Change: Disc Space Normal Postoperative Change: Epidural Space Metal Artifact SECTION 2: DEVICES AND INSTRUMENTATION Devices and Instrumentation Overview Plates and Screws Cages Subaxial Posterior Instrumentation Transpedicular Screw Fixation Cervical Artificial Disc Lumbar Artificial Disc Interspinous Spacing Devices Scoliosis and Devices Instrumentation Pumps and Catheters SECTION 3: CONGENITAL AND GENETIC DISORDERS BONY VARIATIONS C2-C3 Fusion C1 Assimilation Ponticulus Posticus Ossiculum Terminale Paracondylar Process Condylus Tertius Posterior Arch Rachischisis Split Atlas DIAGNOSES Odontoid Hypoplasia/Aplasia C1 Dysmorphism/Hypoplastic Arch Chiari 1 Complex Chiari Chiari 2 Chiari 3 Myelomeningocele Lipomyelomeningocele Lipoma Dorsal Dermal Sinus Simple Coccygeal Dimple Dermoid Cysts Epidermoid Cysts Tethered Spinal Cord Segmental Spinal Dysgenesis Caudal Regression Syndrome Terminal Myelocystocele Anterior Sacral Meningocele Occult Intrasacral Meningocele Sacrococcygeal Teratoma Klippel-Feil Spectrum Failure of Vertebral Formation Vertebral Segmentation Failure Diastematomyelia Neurenteric Cyst Os Odontoideum Lateral Meningocele GENETIC Neurofibromatosis Type 1 Neurofibromatosis Type 2 Down Syndrome Mucopolysaccharidoses Achondroplasia Osteogenesis Imperfecta Spondyloepiphyseal Dysplasia SECTION 4: DISORDERS OF ALIGNMENT Introduction to Scoliosis Scoliosis Kyphosis Degenerative Scoliosis Scoliosis Instrumentation Spondylolisthesis Instability SECTION 5: TRAUMA VERTEBRAL COLUMN, DISCS Fracture Classification Atlantooccipital Dislocation Ligamentous Injury Occipital Condyle Fracture Jefferson C1 Fracture Atlantoaxial Rotatory Fixation Odontoid C2 Fracture Burst C2 Fracture Hangman's C2 Fracture Apophyseal Ring Fracture Cervical Hyperflexion Injury Cervical Hyperextension Injury Cervical Burst Fracture Traumatic Disc Herniation Thoracic and Lumbar Burst Fracture Fracture Dislocation Chance Fracture Anterior Compression Fracture Sacral Insufficiency Fracture CORD, DURA, AND VESSELS Posttraumatic Syrinx Presyrinx Edema Spinal Cord Contusion-Hematoma Idiopathic Spinal Cord Herniation Traumatic Epidural Hematoma Traumatic Subdural Hematoma SECTION 6: DEGENERATIVE DISEASES AND ARTHRITIDES DEGENERATIVE DISEASE Nomenclature of Degenerative Disc Disease Degenerative Disc Disease Degenerative Endplate Changes Disc Bulge Anular Fissure, Intervertebral Disc Cervical Intervertebral Disc Herniation Thoracic Intervertebral Disc Herniation Lumbar Intervertebral Disc Herniation Intervertebral Disc Extrusion, Foraminal Cervical Facet Arthropathy Lumbar Facet Arthropathy Facet Joint Synovial Cyst Baastrup Disease Bertolotti Syndrome Schmorl Node Scheuermann Disease Acquired Lumbar Central Stenosis Congenital Spinal Stenosis Cervical Spondylosis DISH OPLL Ossification Ligamentum Flavum Periodontoid Pseudotumor Spondylolysis INFLAMMATORY, CRYSTALLINE, AND MISCELLANEOUS ARTHRITIDES Adult Rheumatoid Arthritis Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis Neurogenic (Charcot) Arthropathy Hemodialysis Spondyloarthropathy Ankylosing Spondylitis CPPD Gout SECTION 7: INFECTION AND INFLAMMATORY DISORDERS INFECTION Pathways of Spread Pyogenic Osteomyelitis Tuberculous Osteomyelitis Fungal and Miscellaneous Osteomyelitis Osteomyelitis, C1-C2 Septic Facet Joint Arthritis Paraspinal Abscess Epidural Abscess Abscess, Spinal Cord INFLAMMATORY AND AUTOIMMUNE Acute Transverse Myelopathy Multiple Sclerosis Neuromyelitis Optica ADEM Sarcoidosis Grisel Syndrome IgG4-Related Disease/Hypertrophic Pachymeningitis SECTION 8: NEOPLASMS, CYSTS, AND OTHER MASSES EXTRADURAL NEOPLASMS Spread of Neoplasms Blastic Osseous Metastases Lytic Osseous Metastases Hemangioma Osteoid Osteoma Osteoblastoma Aneurysmal Bone Cyst Giant Cell Tum ukryj opis