Part I. Introduction.- 1. Anatomy of the Aortic Valve and its Morphological Characteristics.- 2. Pathophysiology and Natural History of Aortic Regurgitation.- 3. Ultrasound Measurement of Aortic Valves.- 4. Computed Tomographic Measurements of Aortic Valves.- 5. Optimizing Aortic Valve Repair Techniques with Computational Models.- 6. Aortoscopy to Evaluate Cusp Configuration after Aortic Valvuloplasty.- 7. Indications and Contraindications for Aortic Valve Repair.- 8. ONE-POINT ADVICE: Significance of Aortic Valvuloplasty in the Valve-in-Valve Era.- 9. Trends in Aortic Valve-sparing Surgery.- Part II. Concepts and Approaches.- 10. Bicuspid Aortic Valve.- 11. ONE-POINT ADVICE: Tricuspidization of a Bicuspid Valve.- 12. Tricuspid Aortic Valve.- 13. Others - Unicuspid valve and Quadricuspid valve.- 14. ONE-POINT ADVICE: The Limitations and Potential of MICS during Aortic Valvuloplasty.- 15. Aortic Valve Reconstruction to Treat Aortic Stenosis Using Autologous Pericardium - Ozaki Procedure.- 16. ONE-POINT ADVICE: Creating a Morphological Template for Autologous Pericardial Cusps.- 17. ONE-POINT ADVICE : Experimental Comparison Between the Reimplantation Method and Remodeling Method.- 18. History, Techniques, and Outcomes of the Reimplantation Method.- 19. History, Techniques, and Outcomes of the Remodeling Method.- 20. Variations and Outcomes of Annuloplasty.- 21. ONE-POINT ADVICE : Other Valve-sparing Aortic Root Replacement Techniques.- 22. ONE-POINT ADVICE : The Advantages and Disadvantages of Valsalva Grafts.- 23. Valve Surgery to Treat Connective Tissue Disease - Comparison Between Valve Replacement and Aortic Root Replacement.- 24. Significance of Aortic Valvuloplasty in the Elderly.- 25. Valve-sparing Aortic Root Replacement to Treat Acute Type A Aortic Dissection.- 26. Pediatric Valvuloplasty.- 27. The Significance of Performing Aortic Valvuloplasty in Young Patients.- Part III. Case Study - What to Do in Each Particular Case?.- 28. How to Manage Patients with Low Geometric Cusp Height.- 29. How to Manage a Stenosed Bicuspid Valve.- 30. How do I Manage a Case with Borderline Dilatation of the Sinus of Valsalva? .- 31. How do I Manage Perforation and Fenestration? .- 32. How to Manage Moderate Aortic Regurgitation in the Context of Combined Valvular Disease.- 33. When is Partial Rremodeling Possible?.- 34. Aortic Valvuloplasty to Treat Aortic Regurgitation Accompanied by a Ruptured Sinus of Valsalva Aneurysm.- 35. Valvuloplasty to Treat Aortic Regurgitation Associated with a Ventricular Septal Defect.- 36. Valvuloplasty for Aortic Regurgitation Associated with Infective Endocarditis.- 37. Valvuloplasty to Treat Traumatic Aortic Regurgitation.- 38. How to Manage Aortic Regurgitation from an Allograft.- Part IV. Aortic Valve Repair: Specialists in the World.- 39. Leaders in Valvuloplasty around the World.- Part V. Closing Remarks.- 40. Cardiologists' Expectations of Aortic Valvuloplasty.