Due to globalization, synchronic approaches in toponymy arise increasing interest among linguists. This volume takes stock of different approaches to synchronic toponymy presenting linguistic studies on toponyms - in as various fields as grammar, morphosyntax, semantics and pragmatics - which describe their structure and lexical status, their semantic facets, applied to the psychological, sociological and political implications of their use and function in discourse. All these factors account for the great variety of linguistic projects related to toponyms, i.e. modelling, as well as the use and normalization of toponyms in spoken and written contexts. ukryj opis