Preface by Elinor Ostrom.- Acknowledgements.- List of Contributors.- Abbreviations.- List of Boxes.- List of Figures.- List of Tables.- 1. Introduction - Institutions and Development: A Framework for Understanding Water Services.- 1.1 Introduction.- 1.2 Urban Environmental Governance.- 1.2.1 Interdependence of the Water Cycle.- 1.2.2. Architecture of Water Service Provision.- 1.2.3 Governance Arrangements at the Peri-urban Interface.- 1.2.4 Common Pool Resources and Environmental Externalities.- 1.2.5 Institutions and Eonomic Development.- 1.3. Water and Sanitation Services: Infrastructure, Policy and Co-production.- 1.3.1 Equity Effects of Policy Intervention.- 1.3.2 Infrastructure and Contracts.- 1.3.3 Infrastructure: Cost and Price Considerations.- 1.3.4 Co-production and Service Delivery.- 1.4 Approach Adopted by This Book.- 1.4.1 Framework for Understanding Water Services.- 1.4.2 Institutional Environment.- 1.4.3 Contractual Hazards and Credible Commitment.- 1.4.4 The Poor, Decision-making and Path Dependence.- 1.4.5 Time, Space and Information.- 1.4.6 From Development Aid to Cooperation.- 1.4.7 Service Selivery Reform in an Inter-connected World.- 1.4.8 Incremental Reform: Concluding Thoughts.- 1.5 Structure to the Message.- 2. Neither Rural nor Urban: Service Delivery Options that Work for the Peri-urban Poor.- 2.1 Introduction.- 2.2 Zooming Out: Beyond the Rural-urban Divide.- 2.3 Emerging Landscapes in the Rural-urban Continuum.- 2.3.1 Shifting Boundaries.- 2.3.2 Spatial Considerations and the Informational City.- 2.3.3 Peri-urbanisation: Trends in Africa, Latin America and Asia.- 2.4 Neither Urban nor Rural: Understanding Change at the Peri-urban Interface.- 2.4.1 Process of Change.- 2.4.2 Need for a Regional Planning Focus.- 2.5 Living Between Two Worlds: The Peri-urbanisation of Poverty.- 2.5.1 Differential Impacts on the Poor in Rural and Urban Areas.- 2.5.2 Decision-making, the Poor and the Political Process.- 2.6 Service Provision at the Peri-urban Interface: Moving Beyond the Public-Private Divide.- 2.6.1 Private Sector Participation and Access of the Poor to Services.- 2.6.2 A Fault Line.- 2.6.3 A Role for Municipalities and Local Governments.- 2.7 Access to Basic Services on the Ground: A Wider Spectrum of Service Providers.- 2.7.1 Beyond International Private Sector Participation?- 2.7.2 A Future for Simplified Sewerage Systems?- 2.7.3 Co-production Options: Hybridity and Informality.- 2.8 Crossing the Public-Private Divide: Rethinking Service Delivery Options that Work for the Peri-urban Poor.- 3. Prospects for Resource Recovery through Wastewater Reuse.- 3.1 Water Scarcity and the Need for Allocation.- 3.2 Water as an Economic Good.- 3.3 Urban Water Use, Sanitation and Wastewater Disposal.- 3.3.1 Urban Water Footprint.- 3.3.2 Water Stress in Cities: Upstream and Downstream Implications of Sanitation Provision.- 3.3.3 Sanitation and Waste Disposal Infrastructure in Cities.- 3.4 Valuing Wastewater as a Resource.- 3.4.1 Definitions of Wastewater and Typology.- 3.4.2 Overview of Planned and Unplanned Use in Agriculture.- 3.4.3 Drivers, Benefits, and Risks of Wastewater Agriculture.- 3.5 Sustainable Approaches to Sanitation and Wastewater Management.- 3.5.1 Design for Service Planning Approach.- 3.5.2 Ecological Sanitation.- 3.6 Conclusions.- 4. Climate-based Risks in Cities.- 4.1 Introduction: Megacities and Climate Risks.- 4.1.1 Climate-induced Urbanisation.- 4.1.2 Climate risks for City Populations and Climate Change.- 4.2 Responses of Municipalities to Climate Risks.- 4.2.1 Municipalities, Climate Risks, Water and Sanitation.- 4.2.2 Floods, Pollution and Health Risks.- 4.2.3 Reduced Water Supplies and Heat.- 4.2.4 Climate Change and Rural-urban Interfaces.- 4.3 Conclusion.- 5. Wastewater Management under the Dutch Water Boards: Any Lessons for Developing Countries?- 5.1 Introduction.- 5.2 Wastewater Treatment in the Netherlands.- 5.2.1 Historical Development.- 5.2.2 Changes in Policy and Legal Framework.-